This may explain some of the contradictory statements found in the literature regarding such remote associations. It may be that while ENSO variability tends to have an impact in the Atlantic, more localized factors can override this tendency. While major ENSO-related swings in tropical Pacific SST are often followed by like variations in a portion of the Atlantic, there are times when there is either no obvious association or one of opposite sign. The weaker correlations involving the Atlantic Ocean underscore the more tenuous nature of this remote relationship. Without aggregation of the lag correlations (i.e., considering each 30-year period separately) the area in the Pacific and Indian were consistently well related, but those involving the North Atlantic were more variable. Reasonable agreement in the pattern of lag correlations was found using a different SST dataset. By aggregating the lag correlations over the three 30-year time periods and performing a Monte Carlo simulation the relationships were found to be statistically significant at the 1% level.
Several different types of analyses including lag correlation, checking the correspondence between extrema, and visual examination of time series plots were used to confirm the relationships implied by the CPC spatial patterns.
In order to further examine these relationships some simple indexes were formed as the average over several grid points in each of the four key areas suggested by the CPC analyses. The stability of these lag relationships is indicated by the fact that the leading mode is quite similar in three different 30-year time periods. However, a somewhat weaker aspect of this mode also indicates that SST anomalies in the tropical Indian and western tropical North Atlantic Oceans vary roughly in concert with each other but lag behind those in the central and eastern Pacific.
The dominant features of this mode indicate that SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific lead those of the central Pacific. Application of complex principal component (CPC) analysis revealed that the leading mode captures ENSO-related quasi-cyclical warming and cooling in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
citizens and permanent residents across its border for nonessential travel as of mid-August, according to a readout of his July 15 call with provincial leaders.A long historical record (∼100 years) of monthly sea surface temperature anomalies from the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set was used to examined the lag relationships between different locations in the global Tropics. Last week, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau signaled that the country could be ready to accept fully vaccinated U.S. Outbreaks have erupted in some parts of Texas, Arkansas and Missouri.Ĭanada’s vaccine uptick could be welcome news for travelers on both sides of the border. After a sharp drop in virus cases, the average number of new daily cases across the United States seems to have leveled off, although they remain a fraction of their peak. Vaccinations have plateaued in the United States as concerns have grown over the spread of the highly contagious delta virus variant. President Joe Biden, in a renewed push, called last week for employers to set up clinics at work and offer paid time off for workers. vaccinations has remained relatively flat. Only about 1% of people in low-income countries are even partly vaccinated, according to Our World In Data.Īfter steady growth through the winter and spring, the pace of U.S. The EU still lags in its fully vaccinated rate, at under 43%.Īs vaccinations even out in many Western countries, wealthy nations are leaving the rest of the world far behind. The European Union has also been catching up to the United States after lagging far behind until recently, with 55.7% of its citizens at least partly vaccinated.